How many saxophones are there?
Written By: Ginger
The Saxophone Family
The saxophone as with many instruments comes in several different sizes and shapes. Originally there were 14 different saxophones created. These different shapes, sizes and keys greatly change from the smallest of the saxophones, the high pitch of the sopranino to the deep dark sound of the Bb sub-contra bass. There are five primary types of saxophones: soprano, alto, tenor, baritone, and bass, invented in the early 1840s by the Belgian instrument maker Adolphe Sax. His goal in their invention was to create an instrument that had the power of brass but the agility and versatility of a classic woodwind instrument such as the flute or clarinet. The saxophone is officially considered a woodwind instrument because of its single reed mouthpiece construction. There are several specialty and rare saxophones but in this post we will go over each of the most common saxophones to tell you a little bit about them and their history.
The Soprano
The smallest of the saxophone family is the soprano; this dainty instrument is small but mighty. This horn can come in the key of either Bb or C. Originally designed with a straight body in Bb, it was one of the first designed by Adolphe Sax. The soprano is recognizable by its bright high-pitched sound commonly showcased in military bands and classical music. It has evolved over time to also feature the key of C and models with a curved body, giving that iconic saxophone shape. It features an increased range of two and a half octaves further improving its playability and versatility. Modern saxophone players find this model to be conducive to multiple genres such as jazz and pop. Some notable players through time who favored the soprano include John Coltrane and Sidney Bechet. The soprano again gained popularity with artist Kenny G.
The Alto
The alto features upgrades in design, available in the key of Eb, it also has a curved neck and larger bell. This model quickly was added into orchestral and classical compositions from the likes of Georges Bizet, Dmitri Shostakovich and Sergei Rachmaninoff. The alto is the bridge between soprano and tenor, showcasing a rich, versatile playability that has resulted in its popularity throughout history since its creation. Also getting its footing in the military bands to start and quickly becoming a staple in not only orchestral and band compositions but also a favorite in jazz. A key member in the development of jazz, swing and big band styles because of its warm timbre and expressive range. Favored in particular by a few of the greats like Charlie Parker, Benny Carter and Paul Desmond.
The Tenor
The tenor saxophone was designed in Bb or C just like the soprano, however this much larger instrument features a deep rich sound popular in smooth jazz and contemporary styles. The C tenor became most popular in the 1920's when it could be played with piano music of the day. Another evolution of the tenor happened with the invention of the low A key in the 1890s which further expanded its range. The 1930s led to the introduction of a large bell design. These innovations resulted in the renowned popularity of this model with the cool jazz sound. Beloved by legendary players including Coleman Hawkins, Lester Young and John Coltrane whose iconic styles helped the tenor saxophone become a prominent solo choice for jazz.
The Baritone
The baritone is pitched in the key of Eb. It is one of the largest instruments in the woodwind family. Characterized by a deep resonance that can support bass lines and also more melodic sections making it a key member of the rhythm section of musical arrangements. Original designs allowed the range to reach a low Bb and manufacturers continued to add more keys extending the range. Today the baritone is primarily used in concert bands and jazz ensembles, showcasing its rich powerful sound. Popularized by Gerry Mulligan.
The Bass
The bass saxophone is pitched in Bb, but early orchestral models experimented with C. The largest of the saxophone family, this horn features a deep dark sound often played alongside tubas or upright basses. There were many alterations to the design over the years featuring a variety of changes to range and keys, its production peaked in 1920’s with Conn and Buescher primarily producing the most. It was beloved by Adrian Rollini, perhaps one of the most famous bass saxophonists. Favored in the jazz scene by the likes of Henry Carney and Bix Beiderbecke. Material shortages during World War II caused a decline in production and the instrument today is considered quite rare.
The Legacy Continues
The saxophone family remains one of the most popular woodwind instruments to date. Truly Adolphe Sax’s invention to this day stands on his genius, adored by players from all over the world throughout history, from early models used in military bands to modern cool jazz ensembles and solos. The saxophone is the perfect bridge between the power and strength of brass horns and the lyrical melodic versatility of other woodwinds like the flute and clarinet.
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